The metatarsals of the foot: Anatomy, functions and pathologies

In the middle of the foot there is a group of 5 long bones , called metatarsals.

The metatarsals of the foot are essential for the normal functioning of the foot ; in fact, they allow the foot itself to perform all the functions we take for granted, such as walking and balance.

Given their importance, in this article we will focus on their anatomy, as well as the probable pathologies that can affect the metatarsals and how, if necessary, to treat them.

Anatomy of the metatarsals

The five metatarsals are positioned between the tarsal bones and the toes and are numbered 1 to 5, from the inside of the foot to the outside.

The five metatarsal bones have a similar structure. They have a proximal base that articulates with the tarsal bones, followed by a central body and a distal head that then articulates with the toe bones (proximal phalanges).

To ensure the mobility of the foot, the metatarsals are surrounded by muscles , which are then connected by ligaments and tendons.

Among the muscles, we remember the adductor hallucis, the extensor and the flexor which, thanks above all to the tendons, are able to ensure not only the stability of the foot but also correct mobility, allowing us to carry out basic daily activities such as walking, running or jumping. 

Functions of the metatarsals

Thanks to their anatomy, the metatarsals are fundamental parts for walking and for supporting body weight.

In fact, when walking or running, body weight is balanced by transferring from the heels to the metatarsals, specifically to the head of the first. All of this is vital for maintaining the stability and balance of the entire body.

Their natural curved shape, called the metatarsal arch , performs the aforementioned fundamental function of distributing the body's weight; by distributing weight evenly, in fact, we avoid putting stress on any particular point of the foot, thus preserving its overall health.

Specifically, when walking or running, the metatarsals act as a "lever ," that is, they push the body forward. This specific action is primarily carried out by the first metatarsal, which is essential for propulsion, while the other four serve to stabilize the aforementioned propulsion and make the overall movement of the foot more fluid.

Metatarsal pathologies

Precisely because of their fundamental role of thrust and support , the metatarsals are often subject to trauma , lesions and pathologies.

Too often underestimated, we realise the importance of the metatarsals precisely when they are affected by some problem, thus compromising the activities we consider simplest.

Let's see, then, what the most common pathologies that affect the metatarsals could be.

Metatarsal fractures

As the term itself indicates, metatarsal fractures are actual breaks in these bones that can be caused by direct accidents or prolonged stress.

The former, fractures caused by accidents, are often more serious and may even require surgery. Meanwhile, prolonged stress fractures are milder and can be repaired more quickly and with less invasive methods.

Metatarsalgia

Metatarsalgia can usually be caused by congenital pathologies such as hallux valgus or flat feet, or by direct trauma or bad habits.

This pathology is a real inflammation of the tissues underlying the metatarsals and presents with pain spread along the entire length of the bones , both at rest and during movement.

Metatarsus varus and metatarsus supination

When one or more metatarsals become deformed , the natural alignment of the bones is disrupted. This deformity can be caused by direct injuries, poor posture, or congenital foot problems.

This condition, in addition to causing pain, can also cause posture problems, resulting in an impaired weight distribution and poor walking stability. 

Specifically, metatarsus varus involves the foot slanting inwards, while metatarsus supination involves the foot slanting outwards.

Metatarsal bursitis

Metatarsal bursitis affects the bursae . These are small sacs of fluid that sit between the metatarsals and the tendons.

When these sacs become inflamed, metatarsal bursitis develops, causing swelling, redness, and pain, especially in the sole of the foot. This makes it extremely difficult to move the foot and, consequently, to perform normal daily activities. 

Diagnosis and treatment of metatarsal pathologies

When you start to feel pain in the metatarsal area, and it doesn't seem to decrease or stop, it's a good idea to consult a doctor to get a diagnosis and understand what the problem is.

The diagnostic test involves a thorough examination by a specialist . He or she will initially conduct a physical exam to assess the structure and mobility of the foot.

If the doctor suspects the presence of a pathology, he will request further tests, including ultrasounds , X-rays , and MRIs ; these tests serve to determine, through imaging, whether the pathology suspected by the doctor is present or not and, above all, to assess its severity.

Precisely based on the severity of the pathology, in fact, the doctor will evaluate and advise the patient on the best methods to resolve the problem.

Among the various treatments proposed by doctors , it is worth listing:

• rest and apply ice packs;
• follow a specific physical therapy;
• stabilize the compromised foot with bandages e orthosis;
• take painkillers or, in more serious situations, give corticosteroid injections;
• to undergo a surgery when the only possible solution appears to be to repair complex fractures or severe deformities.

SmartHallux: the foot health professionals

If you're looking for serious professionals with extensive experience in treating foot problems, the SmartHallux team of experts is the right one for you.

Thanks to the long experience of its specialists, the cutting-edge techniques they use and the expert guidance of Dr. Luigi Manzi , SmartHallux confirms its position as a leader in the foot and ankle care sector.

Not only experience and professionalism, but also, and above all, the utmost patient care , from every perspective. One of SmartHallux's strengths is precisely the personalized study and planning of patient care.

SmartHallux specialists don't just base their treatment on the specific pathology, but also on the patient's general condition, expectations, and daily habits. This allows them to personalize the patient's treatment and rehabilitation process as much as possible and ensure the best possible outcome.

Book a visit with SmartHallux

Booking an appointment with SmartHallux is quick and easy.

In addition to the classic telephone contact, SmartHallux also offers the opportunity to book a visit directly online.

From in-office visits to online visits, SmartHallux gives you the advantage of being able to choose how and where to enjoy your specialist visit.

Taking good care of our feet and ankles is essential to continuing to lead a healthy, pain-free life. 

Don't waste any more time and start taking real care of your feet. Trust SmartHallux and you won't regret it!